Janusz Korczak e il diritto del bambino al rispetto

Non parlavo ai bambini, ma con i bambini, non dicevo loro ciò che volevo che fossero,
ma ciò che volevano e potevano essere
La prima volta che sentii parlare di Janusz Korczak fu un paio di anni fa. Mi imbattei per caso proprio in questa sua frase e decisi di scoprire di più sul suo conto.
Rimasi subito profondamente affascinata da quest’uomo e dalla sua commovente sensibilità verso il bambino, dal suo amore talmente profondo da portarlo ad affrontare a testa alta un destino terribile quanto evitabile.
Oggi, anniversario della sua nascita, vorrei raccontarvi qualcosa della sua storia, una vita ed un’opera che meritano di essere conosciute ai più e che dovrebbero trovare un posto d’onore nei testi di storia e di educazione. Perché Korczak non ha lasciato solo un eccezionale bagaglio di conoscenze sull’infanzia e sul bambino, ma anche una straordinaria testimonianza di amore e sacrificio, di generosità e vocazione. Un grande modello di vita, soprattutto in tempi in cui la chiusura e l’individualismo spinto rischiano pericolosamente di prendere sempre più piede.
Chi era Janus Korczak
Henryk Goldszmit era il suo vero nome. Egli nasce a Varsavia il 22 luglio 1878 in una famiglia ebrea benestante. La sua adolescenza fu piuttosto turbolenta. La condizione della sua famiglia infatti peggiorò notevolmente con la morte del padre. Per sostenere la madre, ancora studente Korczak iniziò a lavorare dando lezioni private.
Sul finire dell’Ottocento decise di intraprendere gli studi di medicina. Fu in quegli stessi anni che cominciò ad occuparsi anche di pedagogia. Trascorse infatti un periodo a Zurigo, dove conobbe l’opera di Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746-1827), importante educatore e riformatore svizzero che dedicò gran parte della propria vita all’educazione di bambini svantaggiati provenienti dalle classi popolari.
Dopo diversi anni di lavoro come medico, molto del quale in via gratuita e rivolto ai più bisognosi, nel 1912 Korczak apre con la sua assistente, l’educatrice Stefania Wilczyńska, la Casa degli Orfani di Varsavia.
Una Casa per gli orfani
Fu nell’orfanotrofio in via Krochmalna, 92 che le sue idee pedagogiche del tutto innovative poterono iniziare a concretizzarsi pienamente.
Korczak credeva fermamente che l’educazione fosse possibile solo attraverso una partecipazione attiva dei bambini, e così creò all’interno della Casa un Tribunale dei bambini, in cui discutere le dispute, un Parlamento dei bambini, in cui elaborare le regole del vivere comune, e persino un giornale, scritto da e per i bambini.
L’ambiente era bello e curato, con spazi comuni ma anche con attenzione al rispetto dell’individualità. Toccante il racconto di uno degli educatori della Casa, che dopo molti anni ricordava ancora l’emozione di uno dei piccoli orfani e le sue lacrime di gioia nello scoprire che avrebbe avuto un vero letto, solo per lui, in cui poter dormire.
Nella Casa di Korczak vigevano i principi di giustizia, rispetto ed uguaglianza (tanto nei diritti quanto nei doveri) tra adulti e bambini. Non esistevano violenze o punizioni corporali. Ognuno aveva il diritto ad esprimersi e ad essere ascoltato.
Al centro dei suoi sforzi ci fu fin dall’inizio l’interesse a garantire la tutela dei diritti dei bambini, in primis quelli all’amore e al rispetto. Amare e rispettare il bambino significava per lui riconoscerlo, fin dall’inizio, in quanto persona, con una sua sensibilità e bisogni specifici:
Un buon educatore, colui che non costringe ma libera, non trascina ma innalza, non comprime ma forma, non impone ma insegna, non esige ma domanda, passerà insieme ai bambini molti momenti esaltanti
Una visione assolutamente innovativa per quei tempi. In poco tempo, infatti, il suo lavoro attirò molte attenzioni nel panorama educativo dell’epoca.
Verso la fine
Nel 1940, a seguito dell’invasione della Polonia da parte della Germania nazista, tutti gli ebrei furono costretti a spostarsi nel ghetto di Varsavia. Nonostante gli sforzi Korczak non riuscì ad evitare che tale provvedimento riguardasse anche i suoi bambini.
Anche nel ghetto egli fece il possibile per proteggerli, tenendoli al sicuro dalle violenze dei soldati nazisti e dei collaborazionisti. Grazie alle sue conoscenze e al mercato nero riuscì a garantire la sopravvivenza dei suoi orfani e molti sono i bambini che continuano ad arrivare. Nel nuovo stabile si cerca di mantenere su il morale e le attività di teatro, di arte e scrittura proseguono.
Giorno dopo giorno però, tra rastrellamenti e deportazioni, si fa sempre più vana la speranza della salvezza.
Korczak ha molte conoscenze illustri e la sua fama gli renderebbe possibile salvarsi. Potrebbe facilmente trovare asilo in un paese neutrale, ma fino all’ultimo si rifiuta categoricamente di lasciare i suoi bambini ad un destino di morte.
Rimane con loro fin alla fine, all’estate del 1942. Tra il 5 e il 6 agosto i bambini e il personale dell’orfanotrofio ebraico del ghetto di Varsavia vengono deportati.
La marcia di Korczak e dei suoi bambini verso il treno per Treblinka è stata descritta come eroica e straziante. Un corteo di duecento bambini ordinati, vestiti bene, e il dottore e Stefania ad accompagnarli. Insieme, fino all’ultimo.

Perché parlare di Korczak
La pregnanza e la profondità della sua opera ha avuto ben pochi precedenti. Korczak ha sviluppato, con quasi un secolo di anticipo, concetti riguardanti la psicologia neonatale, le competenze del bambino piccolo, la nascita della coscienza di sé…
Le sue idee e i suoi scritti, in particolare lo straordinario Come amare un bambino, hanno ispirato tra l’altro la Convenzione Internazionale sui diritti dell’infanzia, approvata dall’Assemblea Generale delle Nazioni Unite nel 1989.
Un uomo che, fino alla fine, ha saputo restare incredibilmente umano, e che proprio per questo merita di essere sempre ricordato.
Per me una ispirazione, un modello di umanità bella, rara e preziosa.
Soprattutto oggi.
Sii te stesso, cerca la tua strada.
Conosci te stesso prima di voler conoscere i bambini.
Renditi conto di quello di cui tu stesso sei capace, prima di iniziare a limitare il campo dei loro diritti e doveri
Vi invito a leggere i suoi scritti, pietre miliari dell’educazione, per la comprensione del bambino di oggi e di quello che anche noi, un tempo, siamo stati.
Se l’articolo ti è piaciuto, condividilo!
Per approfondire ed applicare la pedagogia Montessori in casa, leggi il mio nuovo libro:






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